ABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted healthcare and clinical research, including a suite of 11 pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs), across clinics within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Department of Defense (DOD). These PCTs were designed to evaluate an array of nonpharmacological treatments and models of care for treatment of patients with pain and co-occurring conditions. The aims of the study are to (a) describe modifications to PCTs and interventions to address the evolving pandemic and (b) describe the application of implementation science methods for evaluation of those PCT modifications. The project used a two-phase, sequential, mixed-methods design. In Phase I, we captured PCT disruptions and modifications via a Research Electronic Data Capture questionnaire, using Periodic Reflections methods as a guide. In Phase II, we utilized the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Expanded (FRAME) taxonomy to develop a focus group interview guide and checklist that would provide more in-depth data than Phase I. Data were analyzed using directed content analysis. Phase I revealed that all PCTs made between two and six trial modifications. Phase II, FRAME-guided analyses showed that the key goals for modifying interventions were increasing treatment feasibility and decreasing patient exposure to COVID-19, while preserving intervention core elements. Context (format) modifications led eight PCTs to modify parts of the interventions for virtual delivery. Content modifications added elements to enhance patient safety; tailored interventions for virtual delivery (counseling, exercise, mindfulness); and modified interventions involving manual therapies. Implementation science methods identified near-real-time disruptions and modifications to PCTs focused on pain management in veteran and military healthcare settings.
Active-duty personnel and veterans often report pain and seek treatment in military and veteran healthcare settings. Nondrug treatments, such as self-care, counseling, exercise, and manual therapy, are recommended for most patients with chronic pain. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected clinical trials of these nondrug treatments in military and veteran populations. In this study, we explored how 11 research teams adapted study trials on pain to address COVID-19. Team members completed online questions, brief checklists, and a one-time focus group about how they modified their trials. Each of the 11 trials made 2 to 6 changes to their studies. Most paused or delayed recruitment efforts. Many shifted parts of the study to a virtual format. Goals for adapting treatments included improved feasibility and decreased patient exposure to COVID-19. Context or format changes increased virtual delivery of study treatments. Content changes focused on patient safety, tailoring treatments for virtual delivery, and offering varied manual therapies. Provider concerns about technology and patient willingness to seek in-person care during the pandemic also were factors driving changes. These findings may support the increased use of virtual care for pain management in military and veteran health settings.